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Hydrolysis of Starch by Salivary Amylase - PAPC

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   Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology -Practical PAPC Aim: To study hydrolysis of Starch from salivary amylase. Reference: 1. R ao. G. Devela. ‘A Manual of Practical Biochemistry’. Birla Publication. PVT LTD. Delhi. Second Edition. 2008. 04-10. 2. Chaudhari M.R. et.al. ‘Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology’. Nirali Prakashan. Pune. Thirty Fourth Edition. 2018. 3.1 – 3.14. 3. Indian Pharmacopeia. ' Ministry of Health and Family Welfare'. Indian Pharmacopeia Commission. Gaziabad. Vol I. 888. Requirement: Chemical: Strach, Salivary amylase diluted, 0.1N Iodine Solution, Acetic Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Phosphate buffer 6.8 pH, Distill Water etc. Apparatus: Test Tube, Beaker, Water Bath, Watch Glass, Test Tube Holder, Glass Rod. Principle: Enzyme are responsible to regulate rate of reaction and Amylase break down Starch to simple sugar. On digestion of starch chracterstic inference will not be observed. Procedure: > Take 4 test tube with 1 ml of 1 % Starch sol
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Starch - Sugar PAPC

  Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology -Practical PAPC Aim: To perform the qualitative identification test for given sample of Carbohydrate. Reference: 1. Rao. G. Devela. ‘A Manual of Practical Biochemistry’. Birla Publication. PVT LTD. Delhi. Second Edition. 2008. 04-10. 2. Chaudhari M.R. et.al. ‘Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology’. Nirali Prakashan. Pune. Thirty Fourth Edition. 2018. 3.1 – 3.14. Requirement: Chemical: Carbohydrate Testing Reagent, Sulphuric Acid, 0.1N Iodine Solution, Acetic Acid, Phenyl Hydrazine, Sodium Nitrate, Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Distill Water. Apparatus: Test Tube, Beaker, Water Bath, Test Tube Holder, Glass Rod. Observation Table: S. No. Experiments Observation Inference 1. Molisch's Test Violet colour ring between two junction Carbohydrate Present 2. Iodine Test Dark blue colour seen Starch - Confirmed (Draw the structure of Starch at blank side.) Result: On the basis of above observation it may found that the given sample of Carbohydrate
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Lactose - Sugar PAPC

   Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology -Practical PAPC Aim: To perform the qualitative identification test for given sample of Carbohydrate. Reference: 1. Rao. G. Devela. ‘A Manual of Practical Biochemistry’. Birla Publication. PVT LTD. Delhi. Second Edition. 2008. 04-10. 2. Chaudhari M.R. et.al. ‘Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology’. Nirali Prakashan. Pune. Thirty Fourth Edition. 2018. 3.1 – 3.14. Requirement: Chemical: Carbohydrate Testing Reagent, Sulphuric Acid, 0.1N Iodine Solution, Acetic Acid, Phenyl Hydrazine, Sodium Nitrate, Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Distill Water. Apparatus: Test Tube, Beaker, Water Bath, Test Tube Holder, Glass Rod. Observation Table: S. No. Experiments Observation Inference 1. Molisch's Test Violet colour ring between two junction Carbohydrate Present 2. Iodine Test No change in colour Mono/ Di saccharide Present 3. Benedict’s Test Green yellow colour seen Reducing Sugar Present 4. Barfoed’s Test No characterstic change Di-saccharide Present
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Maltose - Sugar PAPC

  Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology -Practical PAPC Aim: To perform the qualitative identification test for given sample of Carbohydrate. Reference: 1. Rao. G. Devela. ‘A Manual of Practical Biochemistry’. Birla Publication. PVT LTD. Delhi. Second Edition. 2008. 04-10. 2. Chaudhari M.R. et.al. ‘Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology’. Nirali Prakashan. Pune. Thirty Fourth Edition. 2018. 3.1 – 3.14. Requirement: Chemical: Carbohydrate Testing Reagent, Sulphuric Acid, 0.1N Iodine Solution, Acetic Acid, Phenyl Hydrazine, Sodium Nitrate, Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Distill Water. Apparatus: Test Tube, Beaker, Water Bath, Test Tube Holder, Glass Rod. Observation Table: S. No. Experiments Observation Inference 1. Molisch's Test Violet colour ring between two junction Carbohydrate Present 2. Iodine Test No change in colour Mono/ Di saccharide Present 3. Benedict’s Test Green yellow colour seen Reducing Sugar Present 4. Barfoed’s Test No characterstic change Di-saccharide Present 5
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Sucrose -Sugar PAPC

  Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology -Practical PAPC Aim: To perform the qualitative identification test for given sample of Carbohydrate. Reference: 1. Rao. G. Devela. ‘A Manual of Practical Biochemistry’. Birla Publication. PVT LTD. Delhi. Second Edition. 2008. 04-10. 2. Chaudhari M.R. et.al. ‘Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology’. Nirali Prakashan. Pune. Thirty Fourth Edition. 2018. 3.1 – 3.14. Requirement: Chemical: Carbohydrate Testing Reagent, Sulphuric Acid, 0.1N Iodine Solution, Acetic Acid, Phenyl Hydrazine, Sodium Nitrate, Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Distill Water. Apparatus: Test Tube, Beaker, Water Bath, Test Tube Holder, Glass Rod. Observation Table: S. No. Experiments Observation Inference 1. Molisch's Test Violet colour ring between two junction Carbohydrate Present 2. Iodine Test No change in colour Mono/ Di saccharide Present 3. Benedict’s Test No characterstic ppt seen  Non-Reducing Sugar Present 4. 5. Barfoed's Test Hydrolysis Sample divided in to tw
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Fructose- Sugar PAPC

Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology -Practical PAPC Aim: To perform the qualitative identification test for given sample of Carbohydrate. Reference: 1. Rao. G. Devela. ‘A Manual of Practical Biochemistry’. Birla Publication. PVT LTD. Delhi. Second Edition. 2008. 04-10. 2. Chaudhari M.R. et.al. ‘Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology’. Nirali Prakashan. Pune. Thirty Fourth Edition. 2018. 3.1 – 3.14. Requirement: Chemical: Carbohydrate Testing Reagent, Sulphuric Acid, 0.1N Iodine Solution, Acetic Acid, Phenyl Hydrazine, Sodium Nitrate, Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Distill Water. Apparatus: Test Tube, Beaker, Water Bath, Test Tube Holder, Glass Rod. Observation Table: S. No. Experiments Observation Inference 1. Molisch's Test Violet colour ring between two junction Carbohydrate Present 2. Iodine Test No change in colour Mono/ Di saccharide Present 3. Benedict’s Test Green yellow colour seen Reducing SuGAR Present 4. Barfoed’s Test Brick red
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SUMMARY OF HEART STRUCTURE

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HEART :- Heart is a cone shape hollow organ is about 3.0gm in male and 2-5gm in female. It is 10 cm long. The main function of heart is pumping the blood through the body with the help of blood vessel. Position and location of heart: - The heart is located in the throsis cavity (cheast cavity) in mediastinum (space between lungs). It is situated more left than right. The base (upper part) of heart is situated behind the strunm, there great vessel that is superior venacava, inferior venacava & coronary sinus enter & leaf. The apex part of heart is just above the dipharm. This part is situated at the level of fifth interpostal space. Structure of heart:- Posterior structure: - Heart is consist of 3 layers: - 1. Inner layer of heart The Endocardium 2. Middle layer of heart The Myocardium 3. Outer layer of heart The Pericardium 1. Endocardium It is the inner layer of heart, this layer line the chambers & heart valve. This membrane is smooth & thin t
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Benzanilide from Aniline

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Synthesis of Benzanilide from Aniline Aim:  To synthesize Benzanilide from Aniline, calculate its melting point and percentage yield. Reference:   https://papcsg.blogspot.com/2018/12/benzanilide-from-aniline.html Principle:  Insertion of benzoyl to aniline moiety termed as benzoylation reaction. 10 % NaOH added to neutralize HCl and it also increase the rate of reaction. Requirements: Chemical: Aniline 3 ml, Benzoyl Chloride 6 ml, 10% NaOH 45 ml, Ethanol 6 ml, Cold Water 10 ml  Apparatus: Weighing Machine, M. P. apparatus, Conical Flask - 250 ml, Measuring Cylinder, Funnel, Filter Paper, Poly Bag Procedure: 1. Add Aniline and NaOH in to a conical flask. Dissolve it completely. 2. Add Benzoyl Chloride in to flask. 3. Heat it on boiling water bath for 15 minutes. 4. Add cold water in to the preparation, and a solid was formed. 5. Filter it and recrystallized it using ethanol.  6. Weight and Melting Point was calculated. Calculation:
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Percentage Drug Content

Determination of Percentage Drug Content Aim: To calculate percentage drug content for given sample of drug (marketed preparation). Reference: https://papcsg.blogspot.com/2018/12/determination-of-percentage-drug.html Theory: Different concentration of a standard Drug solution, when analysed in U V spectrometer at a wave length as given in reference book, drug solution provide a Absorption peak.   Different peaks help to create a Standard Calibration Curve, this is helpful in determining Percentage Drug Content . Calibration Curve find as: y = mx + c. Where,  y =  absorption peak, x = concentration, m = slope and c = intercept point.   on putting of value of y, x can easily be determined. Requirement: Chemical: Marketed Formulation and Solvent Equipment: U V Spectrometer and Weighing Machine Apparatus: Beaker, Volumetric flask and Pipette. Procedure: * Preparation of Test Solution: 1. Weigh out 100 mg of powder drug (marketed preparation
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Sennoside Isolation

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Isolation of Sennosides from senna leaves Aim: To isolate sennoside from senna leaves. Reference: https://papcsg.blogspot.com/2018/12/sennoside-isolation.html Theory:  Biological Source: Senna obtain from leaves of plant Cassia angustifolia and C. accutifolia belongs to family: Leguminoceae. Senna contain mainly chemicals such as anthraquinones, anthrone and dianthrone. Other chemicals such as sennosides A and B, present in at least 2.5% concentration. It mainly used for purgative action in condition of constipation. Soxhlet apparatus used for continuous extraction process and may used for direct heat sensitive drug. The process of extraction is continuous so, it is also known as Continuous Hot Percolation method.  Requirements: > Senna Powder Leaves (50 gm) > Solvent (Distill water 250 ml) > Soxhlet Assembly > Weighing machine > Heating Metal > Evaporator > Beaker, Piece of Cotton, Filter Paper Procedure: To isol
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